If you have been reading about freeze-thaw and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2026-01-07. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| Molecular weight | 437.9 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Primary target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Protect from light and moisture |
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
In recent years, researchers have begun considering the impacts of gentrification and radical reinvestment on a city's culture. In the case of Detroit, they argue that private investment directly leads to a sense of "cultural displacement", causing long-time residents to lose "a sense of place and community" and "may feel like their community is less their own than it used to be." Although economic reinvestment provides jobs, opportunities, and capital for the city, opponents to this agenda assert that it is just a form of "disaster capitalism" and only benefits the wealthy without including Detroit residents, who have been disproportionately marginalized and excluded from progressive efforts for decades. They fear rising property values and taxes in surrounding areas will adversely impact existing populations and result in a new form of existential displacement. In 2015, a group of activists started a community land trust, or CLT, to combat this housing crisis by providing community-controlled affordable housing while promoting economic development. The movement to implement CLTs in Detroit began with several meetings held by the Building Movement Project. A nonprofit organization, Storehouse of Hope, created a GoFundMe campaign to purchase fifteen homes, which became a part of the CLT. The CLT ensures housing stability and helps residents overcome financial hardship by covering the costs of property taxes, insurance, building repairs and water bills. The residents pay one-third of their income in rent to the CLT.
=== MOT === MOT is a measure of how many million sperm cells per ml are highly motile, that is, approximately of grade a (>25 micrometer per 5 sek. at room temperature) and grade b (>25 micrometer per 25 sek. at room temperature). Thus, it is a combination of sperm count and motility. With a straw or a vial volume of 0.5 milliliter, the general guideline is that, for intracervical insemination (ICI), straws or vials making a total of 20 million motile spermatozoa in total is recommended. This is equal to 8 straws or vials 0.5 mL with MOT5, or 2 straws or vials of MOT20. For intrauterine insemination (IUI), 1–2 MOT5 straws or vials is regarded sufficient. In WHO terms, it is thus recommended to use approximately 20 million grade a+b sperm in ICI, and 2 million grade a+b in IUI.
A Penning trap stores charged particles using a strong homogeneous axial magnetic field to confine particles radially and a quadrupole electric field to confine the particles axially. Penning traps are well suited for measurements of the properties of ions and stable charged subatomic particles. Precision studies of the electron magnetic moment by Dehmelt and others are an important topic in modern physics. Penning traps can be used in quantum computation and quantum information processing and are used at CERN to store antimatter. Penning traps form the basis of Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for determining the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
As a result of the Sino-Soviet split, tensions along the Chinese–Soviet border reached their peak in 1969, when the Soviet planned to launch a large-scale nuclear strike against China. United States President Richard Nixon intervened, and decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War through a policy of rapproachment with China, which began with his 1972 visit to China and culminated in 1979 with the signing of the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations by President Carter and Chinese Communist Party leader Deng Xiaoping.
Manchester Museum organised a public discussion, "Should We Display the Dead?", which considered both Lindow Man and the Body Worlds exhibition then showing elsewhere in the city. A study by curators Jody Joy and Julia Farley examined 69 enquiries about Lindow Man received by British Museum curators between 2009 and 2018. Questions about the ethics of displaying his remains came mainly from students researching dissertations; none of the enquiries classified as coming from the general public raised that issue. Public enquiries instead tended to concern his life, death and scientific investigation. The authors distinguished these interests from the ethical questions prominent in academic and museum discussions.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
At the time of the Miller–Urey experiment, Harold Urey was a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Chicago who had a well-renowned career, including receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for his isolation of deuterium and leading efforts to use gaseous diffusion for uranium isotope enrichment in support of the Manhattan Project. In 1952, Urey postulated that the high temperatures and energies associated with large impacts in Earth's early history would have provided an atmosphere of methane (CH4), water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen (H2), creating the reducing environment necessary for the Oparin-Haldane "primordial soup" scenario. Stanley Miller arrived at the University of Chicago in 1951 to pursue a PhD under nuclear physicist Edward Teller, another prominent figure in the Manhattan Project. Miller began to work on how different chemical elements were formed in the early universe, but, after a year of minimal progress, Teller was to leave for California to establish Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and further nuclear weapons research. Miller, having seen Urey lecture on his 1952 paper, approached him about the possibility of a prebiotic synthesis experiment. While Urey initially discouraged Miller, he agreed to allow Miller to try for a year. By February 1953, Miller had mailed a manuscript as sole author reporting the results of his experiment to Science.
=== Asymmetric copper-catalyzed allylic substitution === Mechanistically, oxidative addition is the step that determines which enantiomer is formed. Chiral ligands on the metal center along with low temperatures are the general tactics employed to produce an enantiopure product. In particular, the careful pairing of ligand classes with the type of nucleophile has proven to be essential. With Grignard reagents, ferrocenyl thiolate, phosphorus, and NHC ligands are typically used. There have also been several methods developed using diorganozinc nucleophiles coupled with phosphorus, amine, peptide, and NHC ligands. The scope of organoaluminium nucleophiles is comparatively smaller, but there have been a couple examples using NHC ligands. There is a need for more studies to better understand the mechanism of stereoinduction to expand the known set of reactions to encompass a larger overall substrate scope and to potentially allow for enantioselectivity at room temperature.
In digital circuits and machine learning, a one-hot is a group of bits among which the legal combinations of values are only those with a single high (1) bit and all the others low (0). A similar implementation in which all bits are '1' except one '0' is sometimes called one-cold. In statistics, dummy variables represent a similar technique for representing categorical data.
=== Other cultures === Scorpions are among the many animals modelled in the art of the Moche culture of Peru. Mimbres artists in the south of New Mexico created painted ceramics of scorpions and many other symbolic and mythological animals on funerary bowls. A hole was ritually punched through the bottom of the bowl to "kill" it during a funeral.
Parsley is widely used in Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Brazilian, and American cuisine. Curly leaf parsley is used often as a garnish. Green parsley is used frequently as a garnish on potato dishes (boiled or mashed potatoes), on rice dishes (risotto or pilaf), on fish, fried chicken, lamb, goose, and steaks, as well as in meat or vegetable stews (including shrimp creole, beef bourguignon, goulash, or chicken paprikash).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Interactions == No interaction studies with this substance have been performed. Interactions with systemic (for example, oral) drugs are considered unlikely because bimatoprost does not reach relevant concentrations in the bloodstream. Bimatoprost does not negatively interact with timolol eye drops.
==== Exploration ==== Paulsen is also an explorer. In 2007, alongside Russian Veteran explorer Artur Chilingarov and Australian researcher Mike McDowell, he descended more than 14,000 feet in a Russian MIR submersible to take samples of soil and fauna at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean at the North Pole. In 2010, Paulsen, alongside his travelling companion François Bernard, completed the first crossing of the Bering Strait from America to Russia in an ultralight aircraft. In the winter of 2013, he became the first man to explore all eight of the Earth's poles.
== Environmental contamination == Chlorothalonil has been detected in ambient air Prince Edward Island, as well as in groundwater in Long Island, New York and Florida. In the first three cases, the contamination is presumed to have come from potato farms. It has also been detected in several fish kills in Prince Edward Island. The main breakdown product of chlorothalonil is SDS-3701 (structure shown below). SDS-3701 has been shown to be 30 times more acutely toxic than chlorothalonil and more persistent in the environment. Laboratory experiments have shown it can thin the eggshells of birds, but no evidence supports this happening in the environment. In 2019, a review of the evidence found that "a high risk to amphibians and fish was identified for all representative uses", and that chlorothalonil breakdown products may cause DNA damage. Agrochemicals are claimed to be the strongest factor in bumblebee population decline.
=== Andy: Get The Poison Out === First aired: 4 November 2010 Meet Andy, the self-appointed king of Fresno. He is an obnoxious bully who makes life miserable for his victims, Steven and Taylor. He also makes the biggest mistake of calling out Mayhem, so Mayhem brings out "the greatest fighter he has ever known" to take care of Andy. That fighter turns out to be Mayhem himself. After easily being tapped out 5 times in the first round and knocked out in the second round, Steven and Taylor won $10,000. After the fight, Mayhem tells a humbled Andy that he had to deal with bullies most of his life and implores him to change his ways because he eventually will come across someone that is bigger, badder and meaner than Andy himself.
According to Jay Garfield, in the first chapter, Nāgārjuna argues against a reified view of causality which sees dependent origination in terms of substantial powers (kriyā) of causation (hetu) that phenomena have as part of their intrinsic nature (svabhāva). Instead, Nāgārjuna sees dependent origination as a series of conditional relationships (pratyaya) that are merely nominal designations and "explanatorily useful regularities". According to Nāgārjuna, if something could exist inherently or essentially from its own side (and thus have its own inherent causal powers), change and dependent arising would be impossible. Nāgārjuna states that "if things did not exist without essence, the phrase, "when this exists so this will be," would not be acceptable." Jan Westerhoff notes that Nāgārjuna argues that cause and effect are "neither identical nor different nor related as part and whole, they are neither successive, nor simultaneous, nor overlapping." Westerhoff states that Nāgārjuna thinks all conceptual frameworks of causality that make use of such ideas are based on a mistaken presupposition which is that "cause and effect exist with their own svabhāva". Westerhoff further argues that for Nāgārjuna, causes and effects are both dependent on one another (conceptually and existentially) and neither one can exist independently. As such, he rejects four ways that something could be causally produced: by itself, by something else, by both, by nothing at all.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.
It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic gene regulation. This can alter transcription of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism in experimental models.
No controlled human trials have established that effect. Endurance findings come primarily from rodent studies, and human responses remain unknown.
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.