The short version of REV-ERB agonist fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2025-12-04. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for research-grade material |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low aqueous solubility | Organic stock solutions are common |
| Typical storage temperature | -20 °C or lower | Protect from light and moisture |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and confirmation |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is an informal name |
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
==== Harley ==== Ricky Legere fights a bully named Harley, to defend a French kid. The bully only taps out one time in the first round, and stands through the second one, leaving the bully with $9000.
But when you truly see the origin of the world with right understanding, you won't have the notion of non-existence regarding the world. And when you truly see the cessation of the world with right understanding, you won't have the notion of existence regarding the world. The Kaccānagottasutta then places the teaching of dependent origination (listing the twelve nidanas in forward and reverse order) as a middle way which rejects these two "extreme" metaphysical views which can be seen as two mistaken conceptions of the self. According to Hùifēng, a recurring theme throughout the Nidānasamyutta (SN 12) is the Buddha's "rejection of arising from any one or other of the four categories of self, other, both or neither (non-causality)." A related statement can be found in the Paramārthaśūnyatāsūtra (Dharma Discourse on Ultimate Emptiness, SĀ 335, parallel at EĀ 37:7), which states that when a sense organ arises "it does not come from any location...it does not go to any location", as such it is said to be "unreal, yet arises; and on having arisen, it ends and ceases." Furthermore, this sutra states that even though "there is action (karma) and result (vipāka)" there is "no actor agent" (kāraka). It also states that dharmas of dependent origination are classified as conventional. The Kaccānagottasutta and its parallel also associates understanding dependent origination with avoiding views of a self (atman).
Mutations in the pore forming subunit of P type calcium channels cause ataxia, severely altered respiration, by decreasing minute ventilation and producing symptoms associated with atelectasis. Mutations to CaV2.1 have also been shown to affect transmission within the pre-Bötzinger Complex, a cluster of interneurons in the brainstem which help to regulate breathing.
There is a general chain of events that applies to infections, sometimes called the chain of infection or transmission chain. The chain of events involves several steps – which include the infectious agent, reservoir, entering a susceptible host, exit and transmission to new hosts. Each of the links must be present in a chronological order for an infection to develop. Understanding these steps helps health care workers target the infection and prevent it from occurring in the first place.
He also accused the Russian military of laying mines targeting his personnel as they retreated. The governor of Russia's Bryansk Oblast claimed that Ukrainian forces shelled a village along the international border, destroying a house. Two people were reportedly killed and two others injured when Ukrainian forces shelled a road in Maslova Pristan, Belgorod Oblast, while the Freedom of Russia Legion claimed responsibility for an attack on the village of Novaya Tavolzhanka and claimed that Russian government forces had killed two civilians after mistaking their vehicle for that of the legion. Long-range drones hit two towns in Smolensk Oblast, while an explosion was reported in a forest in Kaluga Oblast. Officials claimed that buildings were damaged in Bryansk and Kursk by Ukrainian shelling and a nighttime drone attack. Russian Deputy Prime Minister Viktoria Abramchenko said Russia sowed winter crops for the year's harvest in the territories it annexed during the invasion, providing state support worth 3 billion rubles ($37.1 million) to farmers in the occupied regions and harvesting grain, beans and rapeseed on 1.3 million hectares. The Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark Milley announced that Ukrainian soldiers had begun training in the use of M1 Abrams tanks pledged to Ukraine by the West. The United States approached Japan for supplies of TNT to be used in 155 mm caliber shells for Ukraine. According to Reuters, the Japanese government allowed the US government to purchase industrial TNT as it is not a military product.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Heparin acts as an anticoagulant, preventing the formation of clots and extension of existing clots within the blood. Heparin itself does not break down clots that have already formed, instead, it prevents clot formation by inhibiting thrombin and other procoagulant serine proteases. Heparin is generally used for anticoagulation for the following conditions:
The Boc group can be added to the amine under aqueous conditions using di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in the presence of a base such as sodium bicarbonate. Protection of the amine can also be accomplished in acetonitrile solution using 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as the base. Removal of the Boc in amino acids can be accomplished with strong acids such as trifluoroacetic acid neat or in dichloromethane or with HCl in methanol. A complication may be the tendency of the t-butyl cation intermediate to alkylate other nucleophiles; scavengers such as anisole or thioanisole may be used. Selective cleavage of the N-Boc group in the presence of other protecting groups is possible when using AlCl3. Reaction with trimethylsilyl iodide in acetonitrile followed by methanol is a mild and versatile method of deprotecting Boc-protected amines. The use of triethylsilane as a carbocation scavenger in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane has been shown to lead to increased yields, decreased reaction times, simple work-up and improved selectivity for the deprotection of t-butyl ester and t-butoxycarbonyl sites in protected amino-acids and peptides in the presence of other acid-sensitive protecting groups such as the benzyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, O- and S-benzyl and t-butylthio groups.
=== Cultural depictions === Jean-Michel Basquiat depicted two angel dust users in his 1982 painting Dustheads. Tsukasa Hojo's 1985 manga City Hunter features a drug, Angel Dust, presumably a reference to PCP's street name. The related 2023 animated film, City Hunter: Angel Dust, more directly moved the franchise's angel dust into the realm of fantasy, as it is portrayed as a science fiction nanomachine serum developed by a biotech company to create super-soldiers with a tendency to drive them berserk, side-stepping the real-life PCP.
== Chemistry == Selegiline is a substituted phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative. It is also known as (R)-(–)-N,α-dimethyl-N-(2-propynyl)phenethylamine, (R)-(–)-N-methyl-N-2-propynylamphetamine, or N-propargyl-L-methamphetamine. Selegiline (L-deprenyl) is the enantiopure levorotatory enantiomer of the racemic mixture deprenyl, whereas D-deprenyl is the dextrorotatory enantiomer. Selegiline is a derivative of levomethamphetamine (L-methamphetamine), the levorotatory enantiomer of the psychostimulant and sympathomimetic agent methamphetamine (N-methylamphetamine), with a propargyl group attached to the nitrogen atom of the molecule. Selegiline is a small-molecule compound, with the molecular formula C13H17N and a low molecular weight of 187.281 g/mol. It has high lipophilicity, with an experimental log P of 2.7 and predicted log P values of 2.9 to 3.1. Pharmaceutically, selegiline is used almost always as the hydrochloride salt, though the free base form has also been used. At room temperature, selegiline hydrochloride is a white to near white crystalline powder. Selegiline hydrochloride is freely soluble in water, chloroform, and methanol.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== External links == Histology at utmb.edu Histology image: 36_02 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "ureter" Histology image: 37_02 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "urinary bladder" Anatomy Atlases – Microscopic Anatomy, plate 02.24 - "Transitional Epithelium", Ureter Histology at KUMC urinary-renal16 "ureter" www.urothelium.com is an online resource for information about Human Urothelium and the "Biomimetic Urothelium" Archived 2011-02-01 at the Wayback Machine Urothelium at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Histology at qmul.ac.uk Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine Diagram at umich.edu Archived 2006-09-10 at the Wayback Machine Histology at wisc.edu Archived 2008-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
==== Extreme hunger ==== After experiencing prolonged significant calorie deficits, people often undergo extreme hunger (hyperphagia). Once weight is regained in both fat and muscle mass, their hunger usually returns to normalized levels. This process of regaining weight takes longer for fat-free/muscle mass which leads to a "fat overshoot" or "overshoot weight". This causes patient's body fat levels to be greater than before the disorder. This kind of process for hunger normalization varies between patient and could last anywhere from a few months to multiple years.
Later she drew a distinction between their methods, arguing that Quimby's involved one mind healing another, while hers depended on a connection with Divine Mind. In February 1883, Julius Dresser, a former patient of Quimby's, accused Eddy in letters to The Boston Post of teaching Quimby's work as her own. In response Eddy disparaged Quimby as a mesmerist and said she had experimented with mental healing in or around 1853, nine years before she met him. She wrote later: "We caught some of his thoughts, and he caught some of ours; and both of us were pleased to say this to each other." The issue went to court in September 1883, when Eddy complained that her student Edward Arens had copied parts of Science and Health in a pamphlet, and Arens counter-claimed that Eddy had copied it from Quimby in the first place. Quimby's son was so unwilling to produce his father's manuscripts that he sent them out of the country (perhaps fearing litigation with Eddy or that someone would tamper with them), and Eddy won the case. Things were stirred up further by Eddy's pamphlet Historical Sketch of Metaphysical Healing (1885), in which she again called Quimby a mesmerist, and by the publication of Julius Dresser's The True History of Mental Healing (1887). The charge that Christian Science came from Quimby, not divine revelation, stemmed in part from Eddy's use of Quimby's manuscript (right) when teaching Sally Wentworth and others in 1868–1870. Eddy said she had helped to fix Quimby's unpublished work, and now stood accused of having copied her own corrections. Against this, Lyman P.
Diacetyl (or 2,3-butanedione) is the compound associated with the "buttery" aromas of Chardonnays, but it can affect any wine that has gone through malolactic fermentation. At an odor detection threshold of 0.2 mg/L in white wines and 2.8 mg/L in red wines, it can be perceived as slightly buttery or "nutty" while at concentrations greater than 5 to 7 mg/L (5-7 ppm) can overwhelm other aroma notes in the wine. Diacetyl can be produced by the LAB through metabolism of sugar or of citric acid. While citric acid is naturally present in grapes, it is in a very small amount with most of it coming from deliberate addition by the winemaker to acidify the wine. In the presence of both malic and citric acids, the LAB use both, but use the malic much more quickly, with the rate of citric use/diacetyl formation influenced by the particular bacterial strain (with most strains of O. oeni producing less diacetyl than Lactobacillus and Pediococcis species), as well as the redox potential of the wine. In wine conditions that have a low redox potential (meaning it is more oxidative such as in a barrel that is not fully topped up), more citric acid will be consumed and diacetyl formed. In more reductive conditions, such as in alcoholic fermentations where yeast populations are at their peak and the wine is heavily saturated with carbon dioxide, the formation of diacetyl is much slower. The yeasts also help keep levels low by consuming diacetyl and reducing it to acetoin and butylene glycol.
In 1997, the company entered into a co-marketing agreement with Warner–Lambert for Lipitor (atorvastatin), a statin for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Although atorvastatin was the fifth statin to be developed, clinical trials showed that atorvastatin caused a more dramatic reduction in low-density lipoprotein pattern C (LDL-C) than the other statin drugs. Upon its patent expiration in 2011, Lipitor was the best-selling drug ever, with approximately $125 billion in sales over 14.5 years.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Research-grade SR9009 is typically stored frozen at about minus twenty degrees Celsius, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often kept in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Specific storage conditions should follow the supplier's documentation.
Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry is widely used to detect and confirm SR9009 in laboratory samples. The technique offers high sensitivity and can distinguish the target compound from related substances. Nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet detection may support identity and purity checks.
Online products labeled as SR9009 may vary in identity, purity, and actual content. Independent testing helps confirm that a sample matches its label and does not contain unexpected contaminants. This is important for reproducible research and for interpreting experimental results.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is sold as a research chemical, but sports and medicine regulations restrict it.