REV-ERB agonist is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Updated 2026-04-20. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Common supplier description |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water |
| Typical storage | −20 °C, desiccated, dark | For research samples |
| Analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and quantification |
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport | WADA metabolic modulator class |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
== Regulation == A cis-regulatory element called the GAIT element is involved in the selective translational silencing of the Ceruloplasmin transcript. The silencing requires binding of a cytosolic inhibitor complex called IFN-gamma-activated inhibitor of translation (GAIT) to the GAIT element.
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=== Social costs === Dementia, and specifically Alzheimer's disease, may be among the most costly diseases for societies worldwide. As populations age, these costs will probably increase and become an important social problem and economic burden. Costs associated with AD include direct and indirect medical costs, which vary between countries depending on social care for a person with AD. Direct costs include doctor visits, hospital care, medical treatments, nursing home care, specialised equipment, and household expenses. Indirect costs include the cost of informal care and the loss in productivity of informal caregivers. In the United States as of 2019, informal (family) care is estimated to constitute nearly three-fourths of caregiving for people with AD at a cost of US$234 billion per year and approximately 18.5 billion hours of care. The cost to society worldwide to care for individuals with AD is projected to increase nearly ten-fold, and reach about US$9.1 trillion by 2050. Costs for those with more severe dementia or behavioral disturbances are higher and are related to the additional caregiving time to provide physical care.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Applications == There is almost no use for any isotope of einsteinium outside basic scientific research aiming at production of higher transuranium elements and superheavy elements. In 1955, mendelevium was synthesized by irradiating a target consisting of about 109 atoms of 253Es in the 60-inch cyclotron at Berkeley Laboratory. The resulting 253Es(α,n)256Md reaction yielded 17 atoms of the new element with the atomic number of 101. The rare isotope 254Es is favored for production of superheavy elements due to its large mass, relatively long half-life of 270 days, and availability in significant amounts of several micrograms. Hence 254Es was used as a target in the attempted synthesis of ununennium (element 119) in 1985 by bombarding it with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC linear particle accelerator at Berkeley, California. No atoms were identified, setting an upper limit for the cross section of this reaction at 300 nanobarns.
Taurine is an amino sulfonic acid and not an amino carboxylic acid, however it is occasionally considered as such as the amounts required to suppress the auxotroph in certain organisms (such as cats) are closer to those of "essential amino acids" (amino acid auxotrophy) than of vitamins (cofactor auxotrophy). The osmolytes, sarcosine and glycine betaine are derived from amino acids, but have a secondary and quaternary amine respectively.
Stone Nation, the Tupamaros, the 19th of April Movement and the Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicaragua, the ANC in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Action Directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, the Japanese Red Army, the Free Aceh Movement, and the Moro National Liberation Front in the Philippines. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching sides in a conflict, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which became a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled "terrorists" by critics, Gaddafi rejected this characterization, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== 2004 === 24 June Human Face Transplant, an Equinox Special, about Jacqui Saburido, after a drunk driver hit her car, work takes place at the University of Louisville School of Medicine; featured the work of John Barker in Kentucky, and his colleague Joe Banis; the French plastic surgeon Laurent Lantieri. Narrated by Lucy Briers, directed by Iain Scollay
== Ancient eukaryote mechanism == Plants cannot move away from a source of injury as animals do, nor are their immune reactions as elaborate as those in animals. However, there are multiple parallels between plant and animal responses to injury. Both signal damage with calcium ions, which activate receptors to initiate a response. Both also signal damage with reactive oxygen species, which drive metabolic changes, such as enabling cells to multiply to repair damaged tissues. Both have pattern recognition receptors on the surfaces of their cells, triggered by invading pathogens. Both have a "primitive" inflammatory response that releases antimicrobial peptides; additionally, animals have mobile immune cells capable of more complex responses. Both have mechanisms to seal the wound site. Finally, plants and many animals can regenerate some damaged parts. Several of these mechanisms, including receptors, calcium signalling, reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate release, kinase cascades, and oxylipin signalling, are also found in fungi such as Trichoderma. Single-celled eukaryotes, such as choanoflagellates, substantially share the pathways found in plants and animals for detecting damage and pathogens. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate is a signal that promotes healing of wounds to the epithelium in both bilateria (such as vertebrates) and in non-bilaterians such as cnidaria.
==== Extrusion-based printing ingredients ==== Common ingredients used in extrusion-based printing are inherently soft enough to extrude from a syringe/printhead and possess a high enough viscosity to retain a shape. In certain cases, powdered ingredients (protein, sugar, etc.) are added to increase viscosity, e.g. adding flour to water creates a paste that can be printed. Inherently soft materials include:
=== San Antonio Nathan Shock Center === The San Antonio Nathan Shock Center (NSC) is one of only eight National Institute on Aging (NIA)-funded Nathan Shock Centers of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging in the United States. Since its establishment in 1995, the Center has served as an internationally recognized resource dedicated to advancing the fundamental biology of aging and accelerating the development of interventions that promote healthy aging and extend healthspan. The overarching mission of the Center is to identify the molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms that drive the aging process and translate these discoveries into strategies that delay or prevent age-associated diseases and functional decline. The San Antonio Nathan Shock Center provides investigators with an integrated, "one-stop-shop" research infrastructure that supports every stage of aging research—from experimental design and animal model development to functional phenotyping, pathology, metabolism, pharmacology, and data interpretation. This comprehensive approach enables investigators to conduct rigorous, multidisciplinary studies that examine lifespan, healthspan, and the biological mechanisms underlying aging. By integrating specialized expertise and state-of-the-art technologies within a single research environment, the Center accelerates scientific discovery while promoting collaboration among investigators locally, nationally, and internationally. The Center is organized around six highly integrated research cores that provide specialized services and scientific expertise.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is sold as a research chemical, but sports and medicine regulations restrict it.
Detection commonly uses liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the compound in urine or blood at low concentrations.
Typical guidance is −20 °C, dry, and protected from light. Solutions should be aliquoted and limited freeze–thaw cycles should be used.
SR9009 is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used in laboratory research. It is not an approved drug, and its effects in humans are not well characterized. It is often sold as a research chemical under the name Stenabolic.