The short version of mitochondrial biogenesis fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-08-01 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small-molecule REV-ERB agonist | Not a hormone or natural product |
| Primary targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic regulation |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low water solubility | Laboratory solubility depends on solvent and purity |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is a colloquial name, not a formal chemical name |
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is typically characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). These methods can confirm identity and estimate purity, but they require reference standards for accurate quantification. Because SR9009 is not a licensed pharmaceutical, no harmonized pharmacopeial monograph exists. Laboratories often validate in-house methods for matrices such as plasma, urine, or cell culture media. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction before analysis.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
== Discovery == Before the discovery of the ubiquitin–proteasome system, protein degradation in cells was thought to rely mainly on lysosomes, membrane-bound organelles with acidic and protease-filled interiors that can degrade and then recycle exogenous proteins and aged or damaged organelles. However, work by Joseph Etlinger and Alfred L. Goldberg in 1977 on ATP-dependent protein degradation in reticulocytes, which lack lysosomes, suggested the presence of a second intracellular degradation mechanism. This was shown in 1978 to be composed of several distinct protein chains, a novelty among proteases at the time. Later work on modification of histones led to the identification of an unexpected covalent modification of the histone protein by a bond between a lysine side chain of the histone and the C-terminal glycine residue of ubiquitin, a protein that had no known function. It was then discovered that a previously identified protein associated with proteolytic degradation, known as ATP-dependent proteolysis factor 1 (APF-1), was the same protein as ubiquitin. The proteolytic activities of this system were isolated as a multi-protein complex originally called the multi-catalytic proteinase complex by Sherwin Wilk and Marion Orlowski. Later, the ATP-dependent proteolytic complex that was responsible for ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation was discovered and was called the 26S proteasome.
dropping point The temperature at which a grease changes from a semi-solid to a liquid state under standardized conditions, i.e. the upper limit at which the grease retains its structure, though not necessarily the maximum temperature at which it can be used.
Navy Warrant Officer Class 1 D Lennon Chief Petty Officer M Rodway Army Warrant Officer Class 1 Matthew James Anderson, Royal Corps of Signals Warrant Officer Class 1 Rupert St John Hardington Banfield, , Army Air Corps Warrant Officer Class 1 Peter Bernthal, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Staff Sergeant Troy David Binding Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Warrant Officer Class 2 Aarron David Butterworth, Corps of Royal Engineers Warrant Officer Class 1 (now Captain) Adam Daniel Cooksey, Royal Regiment of Artillery Warrant Officer Class 1 (now Captain) Leslie Trevor Dinsmore, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Warrant Officer Class 2 Darren Lee Duckitt, The Royal Yorkshire Regiment Warrant Officer Class 2 Kulbahadur Ghale, The Royal Gurkha Rifles Warrant Officer Class 1 (now Captain) Marc Kevin Giles, , The Mercian Regiment Warrant Officer Class 1 Philip John Greenway, Royal Regiment of Artillery Warrant Officer Class 1 Adam Charles Ireland, The Parachute Regiment Warrant Officer Class 1 Manojkumar Jugjali, The Royal Gurkha Rifles Warrant Officer Class 1 Carley Lorraine Lambert, Royal Regiment of Artillery Warrant Officer Class 1 James Lee Lightfoot, Royal Regiment of Artillery Warrant Officer Class 1 (now Captain) Daniel Andrew Long, The Rifles Warrant Officer Class 1 James Derek Mayoh, Royal Regiment of Artillery Warrant Officer Class 1 (now Captain) Stuart Russell McCreadie, Royal Corps of Signals Warrant Officer Class 1 Peter Steven Meager, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Warrant Officer Class 1 (now Captain) Ryan Daniel O'Neill, The Royal Regiment of Scotland Warrant Officer Class 1 James Edward Phillips, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Warrant Officer Class 2 Michael John Potts, Royal Army Medical Corps Warrant Officer Class 2 Prakash Rai, Royal Army Medical Corps Warrant Officer Class 2 Kyle Reains, Irish Guards Warrant Officer Class 1 James Wright Reid, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Warrant Officer Class 1 James Oliver Richardson, Royal Regiment of Artillery Warrant Officer Class 1 Aran Christopher Rushe, Royal Army Medical Corps Warrant Officer Class 1 Grant Spencer Sewell-Jones, Royal Corps of Army Music Warrant Officer Class 1 Paul Sheenan, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Warrant Officer Class 1 Melanie Louise Silvester, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch) Warrant Officer Class 1 (now Captain) Garry Andrew Smurthwaite, The Parachute Regiment Warrant Officer Class 2 David Robert John Steel, The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Warrant Officer Class 1 John Ian Sweeney, Army Air Corps Warrant Officer Class 2 (now Captain) Trevor Albert Tuhey, Royal Army Physical Training Corps Warrant Officer Class 1 Russell James Underwood, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Warrant Officer Class 2 George Ferguson Francis Wong Vesi, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch) Warrant Officer Class 1 (now Captain) Jonathan George Werrett, The Mercian Regiment Warrant Officer Class 1 Joseph Thomas Williams, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Warrant Officer Class 1 Michael James Williams, Royal Corps of Signals Warrant Officer Class 1 David Wood, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Warrant Officer Class 1 Craig Michael Woodall, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert Steven Young, Welsh Guards Air Force Warrant Officer (now Flight Lieutenant) J. Blinkhorn Warrant Officer (now Flight Lieutenant) H. Dimeck Warrant Officer (now Flight Lieutenant) F.E. Hunt Warrant Officer D.P. Burke Warrant Officer W.O.R Clements Warrant Officer N.W. Cook Master Aircrew A.R. Davey, Warrant Officer J.C. Foxall Warrant Officer D.G. Jackson Warrant Officer K.E. Jones Warrant Officer E.L. Kerslake Warrant Officer M.E. Larkin Warrant Officer D.A. Lawrence Warrant Officer R. Laycock Warrant Officer B. Moore Warrant Officer C.L.S Old Master Aircrew S.R. Parsons Warrant Officer K.N. Phillips Warrant Officer S.G. Rowbotham Warrant Officer A. Wilson Warrant Officer P.B. Wilson, Warrant Officer S.M. Wooles Acting Warrant Officer K.S. Edwards Acting Warrant Officer A.S. MacDonald Flight Sergeant M.J. Moore Flight Sergeant J.C. O'Grady Flight Sergeant J.A. Simpkins Flight Sergeant C.A. Smith Flight Sergeant P.S. Ware Flight Sergeant L.A. Williams Chief Technician D.G. Bristow Sergeant E.P. Jones
== Global Health Partnerships == CLSI provides direct assistance in Sub-Saharan Africa to combat HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. With grants from the US-based PEPFAR (President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) program administered by a cooperative agreement from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), CLSI has worked on essential laboratory services. CLSI has provided technical assistance in Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Georgia, Ghana, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Peru, Rwanda, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Ukraine, Vietnam, and Zambia.
=== Brand names === Trimipramine is marketed throughout the world mainly under the brand name Surmontil. Other notable brand names of trimipramine have included Herphonal, Rhotrimine, Sapilent, Stangyl, and Tydamine.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Complement Activation ==== The complement system includes blood proteins that can cause cell death after an antibody binds to the cell surface (the classical complement pathway, among the ways of complement activation). Generally, the system deals with foreign pathogens but can be activated with therapeutic antibodies in cancer. The system can be triggered if the antibody is chimeric, humanized, or human; as long as it contains the IgG1 Fc region. Complement can lead to cell death by activation of the membrane attack complex, known as complement-dependent cytotoxicity; enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; and CR3-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity occurs when antibodies bind to the cancer cell surface, the C1 complex binds to these antibodies and subsequently, protein pores are formed in cancer cell membrane. Blocking Antibody therapies can also function by binding to proteins and physically blocking them from interacting with other proteins. Checkpoint inhibitors (CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1) operate by this mechanism. Briefly, checkpoint inhibitors are proteins that normally help to slow immune responses and prevent the immune system from attacking normal cells. Checkpoint inhibitors bind these proteins and prevent them from functioning normally, which increases the activity of the immune system. Examples include durvalumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab.
Their capacities only allow them to be considered equivalent to what are now known as AI Cores, small (in the literal physical sense) Artificial intelligences used in shuttles, trans-light modules, Drones, and other machines not large enough for a full scale Mind. While still considered sentient, a mind's power at this point is considered greatly inferior to a contemporary Mind. That said, It is possible for Minds to have upgrades, improvements and enhancements given to them since construction, to allow them to remain up to date. Using the sensory equipment available to the Culture, Minds can see inside solid objects; in principle they can also read minds by examining the cellular processes inside a living brain, but Culture Minds regard such mindreading as taboo. The only known Mind to break this Taboo, the GCU Grey Area seen in Excession, is largely ostracised and shunned by other Minds as a result. In Look to Windward an example is cited of an attempt to destroy a Culture Mind by smuggling a minuscule antimatter bomb onto a Culture orbital inside the head of a Chelgrian agent. However the bomb ends up being spotted without the taboo being broken. In Consider Phlebas, a typical Mind is described as a mirror-like ellipsoid of several dozen cubic metres, but weighing many thousands of tons, due to the fact that it is made up of hyper-dense matter. It is noted that most of its 'body' only exists in the real world at the outer shell, the inner workings staying constantly within hyperspace.
==== Medical waste management program ==== California created the Medical Waste Management Program, which regulates the generation, handling, storage, treatment, and disposal of medical waste by providing oversight for the implementation of the Medical Waste Management Act. Precautions have been taken in California which permits and inspects all medical waste offsite treatment facilities and medical waste transfer stations. In order to dispose waste, the department recommends the following process to make controlled substance waste non-retrievable. Pills containing a controlled substance are crushed before placing the residue into a pharmaceutical waste container. Controlled substance that is remaining in a syringe is wasted into a pharmaceutical waste container before disposing of the syringe in a sharps container. Expired medications should be returned through a reverse distributor.
MIT.edu, OpenCourseWare: Organic Chemistry I Haverford.edu, Organic Chemistry Lectures, Videos and Text Organic-Chemistry.org, Organic Chemistry Portal – Recent Abstracts and (Name)Reactions Orgsyn.org, Organic Chemistry synthesis journal Pearson Channels, Organic Chemistry Video Lectures and Practice Problems Khanacademy.org, Khan Academy - Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry: Structure, Function, and Practice by William Tucker Introductory Organic Chemistry by Carol Higginbotham
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.
It binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and changes transcription of metabolic genes. This can affect circadian rhythm, lipid use, and mitochondrial function. The full downstream effects are still under study.
No. Some rodent studies show increased endurance, but controlled human trials are lacking. Claims about human performance are not established by published evidence.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is not approved as a medicine and may be sold only as a research chemical. Importation or possession can be restricted, and sports organizations prohibit it.