If you have been reading about LC-MS and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2026-04-29. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| Molecular weight | 437.9 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Primary target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Protect from light and moisture |
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Detection in biological samples can be complicated by rapid metabolism and low circulating concentrations. Some studies report phase I and phase II metabolites, and analytical methods may need to target those species in addition to the parent compound. Immunoassays are not broadly available, so mass spectrometry remains the main confirmatory approach. For anti-doping testing, laboratories look for SR9009 and its metabolites using validated LC-MS methods. Open questions include how long metabolites remain detectable and how different routes of administration alter detection windows.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is typically characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). These methods can confirm identity and estimate purity, but they require reference standards for accurate quantification. Because SR9009 is not a licensed pharmaceutical, no harmonized pharmacopeial monograph exists. Laboratories often validate in-house methods for matrices such as plasma, urine, or cell culture media. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction before analysis.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
Hoftüpfel, d. h., beidseitig behöfte Tüpfel, kommen zwischen toten wasserleitenden und festigenden Zellen (Tracheiden, Tracheen) vor. Im Gegensatz zu den einfachen Tüpfeln hebt sich bei den Hoftüpfeln die Sekundärwand von der Mittelschicht (Mittellamelle + Primärwand) ab und überwölbt diese als Randwulst. Dadurch erweitert sich der Tüpfelkanal trichterförmig zu einer Tüpfelkammer, deren runde bis spaltförmige Öffnung in das Zelllumen als Porus bezeichnet wird. Vom Lumen aus betrachtet zeichnet sich die Wölbung der Randwulst um den Porus als Hof ab. Die Tüpfelmembran ist bei den Hoftüpfeln der Pinaceae in der Mitte zu einem kreisförmigen Torus (lat. Polster) verdickt. Der Rand des Torus ist gefranst. Die Fransen gehen allmählich in Fäden über, die eine netzartige Margo (lat. Rand) bilden, welche für Flüssigkeiten durchlässig ist. Hoftüpfel in den Tracheen der Bedecktsamer (Angiospermen) besitzen eine schlitzartige Öffnung und keinen Torus an der Schließhaut. Bei einigen Dikotylen gibt es skulpturierte Hoftüpfel, bei denen die Höhle des Tüpfels mit warzenartigen Bildungen besetzt ist. In den Wänden der Libriformfasern befinden sich schräg-spaltenförmige Tüpfel, wobei die Spalten eines Tüpfelpaares gegeneinander verdreht sind.
Grenzen Parenchymzellen und Tracheiden/Gefäße aneinander, treten einseitig behöfte Tüpfel auf. Bei ihnen besteht der Tüpfelhohlraum auf Seiten der Parenchymzelle aus einem Kanal, auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite besitzt er die Form einer Tüpfelkammer. Wie bei den einfachen Tüpfeln auch, so fehlt sowohl die zentrale Verdickung (Torus) als auch der porige Charakter der peripheren Membranbereiche (Margo). Anzahl und Gestalt der einseitig behöften Tüpfel in den Kreuzungsfeldern ist von großer Bedeutung bei der Bestimmung von Nadelhölzern. Hinsichtlich der Gestalt der Pori auf Seiten der Längstracheiden werden unterschieden:
Fenstertüpfel: großflächige, fast die gesamte Kreuzungsfeldfläche ausfüllende Pori Pinoide Tüpfel: ovale bis rundliche Pori mit reduzierten Randwülsten Piceoide Tüpfel: schlitzförmige, den Hofumriss überlappende Pori Cupressoide Tüpfel: linsenförmige, den Hofumriss nicht überlappende Pori Taxodiode Tüpfel: ovale bis rundliche, den Hofumriss nicht überlappende Pori.
Durch einfache Tüpfel stehen Parenchymzellen miteinander in Verbindung. Der Tüpfelhohlraum ist bei diesen Tüpfeln als Kanal ausgebildet. Durch die Tüpfelmembran hindurch verlaufen als Plasmodesmen bezeichnete cytoplasmatische Stränge, die dem Stoffaustausch dienen. Die Stellen, an denen später Tüpfel entstehen, sind in der Primärwand als dünne Stellen zu erkennen. Sie sind dicht von Plasmodesmen durchzogen und werden primäres Tüpfelfeld genannt.
Sources: de.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.
It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic gene regulation. This can alter transcription of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism in experimental models.
No controlled human trials have established that effect. Endurance findings come primarily from rodent studies, and human responses remain unknown.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.