SR9009 is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Updated 2025-12-02. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
Handling practices for SR9009 focus on minimizing degradation and contamination. The solid is generally stored desiccated at or below -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, then aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solubility is low, so formulations for animal studies may require cosolvents or suspending agents. Personnel should follow institutional chemical safety procedures, because toxicological data for humans are incomplete.
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Visual inspection is not sufficient for identity. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, dark | Protect from repeated temperature changes. |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS or HPLC-UV | Reference standard required for comparison. |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic; REV-ERB agonist | Vendor naming may vary. |
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually relies on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This approach separates the compound from matrix components and identifies it by mass transitions. Because SR9009 can undergo metabolism, laboratories often look for both parent drug and specific metabolites. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or solid-phase extraction. Method validation examines sensitivity, carryover, and interference from related substances, and reference standards are required for accurate calibration.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
Quality control for research materials includes identity confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance and purity assessment by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry provides molecular weight confirmation and can detect related impurities. Purchasers should request a certificate of analysis that lists lot-specific data. Online products advertised for human use often lack such documentation. Distinguishing legitimate research material from mislabeled or contaminated samples is a recurring challenge in independent testing, and independent laboratories may use orthogonal methods to verify identity.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
1993/3114) Education (Annual Consideration of Ballot on Grant-Maintained Status) (England) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3115) Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Fees) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3116) Vocational Training (Tax Relief) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/3118) Foot–and–Mouth Disease (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3119) Civil Courts (Amendment No. 2) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3120) Income Support (General) Amendment (No. 4) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/3121) Appointment of Judges as Arbiters (Fees) (Scotland) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3125) Insurance Companies (Switzerland) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/3127) Act of Sederunt (Summary Suspension) 1993 (S.I. 1993/3128) Durham and Tyne and Wear (County and District Boundaries) (Variation) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3129) National Savings Bank (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/3130) National Savings Stock Register (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/3131) Savings Certificates (Yearly Plan) (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/3132) Savings Certificates (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/3133) Severn Bridges Tolls Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3135) Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Argyll Islands) Designation Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3136) Merchant Shipping (Registration, etc.) Act 1993 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3137) Merchant Shipping (Registration of Ships) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/3138) Combined Probation Areas (Suffolk) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3139) Mid Essex Community Health National Health Service Trust Dissolution Order 1993 (S.I.
== Signs and symptoms == The signs and symptoms of cholestasis vary according to the cause. In case of sudden onset, the disease is likely to be acute, while the gradual appearance of symptoms suggests chronic pathology. In many cases, patients may experience pain in the abdominal area. Localization of pain to the upper right quadrant can be indicative of cholecystitis or choledocholithiasis, which can progress to cholestasis. Pruritus or itching is often present in many patients with cholestasis. Patients may present with visible scratch marks as a result of scratching. Pruritus is often misdiagnosed as a dermatological condition, especially in patients that do not have jaundice as an accompanying symptom. In a typical day, pruritus worsens as the day progresses, particularly during the evening time. Overnight, pruritus dramatically improves. This cycle can be attributed to an increase in the concentration of biliary elements during the day due to food consumption, and a decline at night. Pruritus is mostly localized to the limbs, but can also be more generalized. The efficacy of naltrexone for cholestatic pruritus suggests involvement of the endogenous opioid system. Many patients may experience jaundice as a result of cholestasis. This is usually evident after physical examination as yellow pigment deposits on the skin, in the oral mucosa, or conjunctiva. Jaundice is an uncommon occurrence in intrahepatic (metabolic) cholestasis, but is common in obstructive cholestasis. The majority of patients with chronic cholestasis also experience fatigue.
=== June === 1 June – Aberdeen and Edinburgh become the latest Scottish cities to introduce low emission zones. 2 June – A memorial service is held at Southend Parish Church to mark the 30th anniversary of the 1994 RAF Chinook disaster in which 29 passengers and crew were killed. 3 June – The first 2024 general election leaders debate takes place in Scotland, with the leaders of Scotland's four main political parties taking part in a debate on STV. 5 June – Alba Party leader Alex Salmond confirms he will not stand in the general election, but instead plans to stand in the 2026 Scottish Parliament election in Banff and Buchan. 7 June – At the High Court in Edinburgh, council worker Michael Paterson admits to embezzling more than £1m from Aberdeen City Council while employed as a council tax and recovery team leader between 2006 and 2023. 9 June – The Sunday Mail reports allegations that Scottish Conservative leader Douglas Ross used Westminster expenses to travel in his role as a football linesman. 10 June – Douglas Ross announces his resignation as leader of the Scottish Conservatives, triggering a leadership election. Ross says he will also resign from Holyrood if he is re-elected to Westminster. 11 June – BBC Scotland airs an election debate featuring the leaders of Scotland's five main political parties: John Swinney (SNP), Douglas Ross (Scottish Conservatives), Anas Sarwar (Scottish Labour), Alex Cole-Hamilton (Scottish Liberal Democrats) and Lorna Slater (Scottish Greens).
Deep fascia is a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue which surrounds individual muscles and divides groups of muscles into fascial compartments. This fascia has a high density of elastin fibre that determines its extensibility or resilience. Deep fascia was originally considered to be essentially avascular but later investigations have confirmed a rich presence of thin blood vessels. Deep fascia is also richly supplied with sensory receptors. Histologically, fascia is composed predominantly of type I collagen fibers with variable amounts of elastin, which together determine tensile strength and extensibility. Fibroblasts are the principal resident cells, and fascial tissue contains vascular elements (particularly in deep fascia), immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells, and a dense array of sensory nerve endings; these features enable fascia to participate in repair, inflammation, and nociception. Examples of deep fascia are fascia lata, fascia cruris, brachial fascia, plantar fascia, thoracolumbar fascia and Buck's fascia.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Paolo Bertoli (1969–1973) Luigi Raimondi (1973–1975) Corrado Bafile (1976–1980) Pietro Palazzini (1980–1988) Angelo Felici (1988–1995) Alberto Bovone (pro-prefect 1995–1998, prefect 1998) José Saraiva Martins (1998–2008) Angelo Amato (pro-prefect 2008–2010, prefect 2010–2018) Giovanni Angelo Becciu (2018 – 24 September 2020) Marcello Semeraro (2020-present)
Hydrothermal vents, in some instances, have led to the formation of exploitable mineral resources via the deposition of seafloor massive sulfide deposits. The Mount Isa orebody, located in Queensland, Australia, is an excellent example. Many hydrothermal vents are rich in cobalt, gold, copper, and rare earth metals essential for electronic components. Hydrothermal venting on the Archean seafloor is considered to have formed Algoma-type banded iron formations, which have been a source of iron ore. Recently, mineral exploration companies, driven by the elevated price activity in the base metals sector during the mid-2000s, have turned their attention to the extraction of mineral resources from hydrothermal fields on the seafloor. Significant cost reductions are, in theory, possible. In countries such as Japan, where mineral resources are primarily derived from international imports, there is a particular push for the extraction of seafloor mineral resources. The world's first "large-scale" mining of hydrothermal vent mineral deposits was carried out by Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) in August – September, 2017. JOGMEC carried out this operation using the Research Vessel Hakurei. This mining was carried out at the 'Izena hole/cauldron' vent field within the hydrothermally active back-arc basin known as the Okinawa Trough, which contains 15 confirmed vent fields according to the InterRidge Vents Database. Two companies are currently engaged in the late stages of commencing to mine seafloor massive sulfides (SMS).
Casa Esperanza Montessori School (K-8) Endeavor Charter School (K-8) Exploris Middle School (1–8) Hope Elementary School (K-5) Longleaf School of the Arts (9–12) Magellan Charter School (3–8) PreEminent Charter School (K-8) Quest Academy (K-8) Raleigh Charter High School (9–12) Torchlight Academy (K-6) Woods Charter School (K-12)
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
This appeared to be dependent on proteasomal degradation of FoxM1, as expression of a FoxM1 mutant lacking a degron rescued the effects of OGT knockdown. FoxM1 was found not to be directly modified by O-GlcNAc, suggesting that hyper-O-GlcNAcylation of FoxM1 regulators impairs FoxM1 degradation. Targeting OGT also lowered levels of FoxM1-regulated proteins associated with cancer invasion and metastasis (MMP-2 & MMP-9), and angiogenesis (VEGF). O-GlcNAc modification of cofilin S108 has also been reported to be important for breast cancer cell invasion by regulating cofilin subcellular localization in invadopodia.
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides that have a molecular mass of 10,000 Da or more are called proteins. Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are called oligopeptides, and include dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. Amino acids comprise peptides as residues. Peptides are usually linear polymers with a free amine at one end (the so-called N-terminus) and a carboxyl group at the other (the C-terminus). Macrocyclic peptides are a distinct class.
Agreement between Great Britain and Portugal for regulation of the opium monopolies of the colonies of Hong Kong and Macao. London, Printed for H.M. Stationery office. by Harrison and sons, ltd. Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). Traders of the Golden Triangle. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B006GMID5K Great Britain, India office (1922). The truth about Indian opium. [London] Printed by H.M. Stationery Off. Hai guan zong shui wu si shu (1889). The poppy in China. Shanghai; Statistical Dept. of the Inspectorate General of Customs. Hideyuki Takano; The Shore Beyond Good and Evil: A Report from Inside Burma's Opium Kingdom (2002, Kotan, ISBN 0-9701716-1-7) Inglis, Lucy, Milk of Paradise: A History of Opium, Pan Macmillan, London, 2018. **Review: Julie Peakman: "Not Just Smelling the Flowers", History Today History Today Vol. 68/10, October 2018, pp. 102–103. Latimer, Dean, and Jeff Goldberg with an Introduction by William Burroughs. Flowers in the Blood: The Story of Opium. New York: Franklin Watts, 1981 MacPherson, Duncan (1843). Two years in China. Narrative of the Chinese expedition, from its formation in April, 1840, to the treaty of peace in August, 1842. London, Saunders. Martin, Steven. The Art of Opium Antiques. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2007. Photographs and history of Chinese and Vietnamese opium-smoking paraphernalia. McCoy, Alfred W. The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. New York: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991. Merwin, Samuel (1907).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry is common for identity and purity checks. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection can also be used. Both methods require a suitable reference standard.
The solid is usually kept desiccated at -20 °C or lower and protected from light. Stock solutions are aliquoted to limit freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solutions are not generally recommended for long-term storage.
Laws differ by country and by intended use. It is not an approved medicine, and many vendors sell it as a research chemical. Purchasers are responsible for confirming local restrictions.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that activates the REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug and has no established human therapeutic use. Most published biological data come from cell and rodent studies.